托福備考 | 托?？荚?/a>之建筑學

建筑學，從廣義上來說，是研究建筑及其環(huán)境的學科。建筑學是一門橫跨工程技術(shù)和人文藝術(shù)的學科。建筑學所涉及的建筑藝術(shù)和建筑技術(shù)、以及作為實用藝術(shù)的建筑藝術(shù)所包括的美學的一面和實用的一面，它們雖有明確的不同但又密切聯(lián)系，并且其分量隨具體情況和建筑物的不同而大不相同。而我們國內(nèi)傳統(tǒng)教學大環(huán)境中涉及到建筑學的學習相對較少，擁有建筑學背景的學生并不多，這就讓建筑類的考題變得更加的困難了。那我們今天就來了解一下托福建筑學中那些有特色的建筑風格以及代表性的建筑吧。

零排放建筑
Net zero buildings（NZB）

零能耗建筑(ZEB)，也被稱為NZE建筑，或ZNE建筑，是指凈能耗為零的建筑，意思是建筑物每年使用的總能源量等于場地上產(chǎn)生的可再生能源量。在其他定義中，場地外使用的可再生能源，如熱泵、高效窗戶和隔熱材料、太陽能板等技術(shù)，其目的是在運行過程中，這些建筑比類似的建筑排放的溫室氣體更少。

A Zero Energy Building (ZEB), also known as a Net Zero Energy (NZE) building, or a Zero Net Energy (ZNE) building, is a building with net zero energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site or in other definitions by renewable energy sources off-site, using technology such as heat pumps, high efficiency windows and insulation, and solar panels.The goal is that these buildings contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere during operations than similar non-ZNE buildings.

代表性建筑：

01
珠江城大廈 
Pearl river tower

珠江城大廈樓高71層，位于中國廣州，是成功建成的新一代凈零能源辦公大樓之一。Skidmore Owings Merrill LLP是該塔的總設(shè)計師，其設(shè)計理念是每年產(chǎn)生相同數(shù)量的能源，同時遵循者在減少、吸收、回收和發(fā)電四個步驟中達到凈零的目標。珠江城大廈雖然最初計劃包括用于發(fā)電的天然氣微型渦輪機，但是由于當?shù)胤ㄒ?guī)，將光伏板集成到玻璃屋頂和遮陽百葉窗中，并選擇了戰(zhàn)術(shù)建筑設(shè)計與VAWT的發(fā)電相結(jié)合。

One of the new generation net-zero energy office buildings successfully constructed is the 71-story Pearl River Tower located in Guangzhou, China. Designed by Skidmore Owings Merrill LLP, the tower was designed with the idea that the building would generate the same amount of energy used on an annual basis while also following the four steps to net zero energy: reduction, absorption, reclamation, and generation. While initial plans for the Pearl River Tower included natural gas-fired microturbines used for generation electricity, photovoltaic panels integrated into the glazed roof and shading louvers and tactical building design in combination with the VAWT's electricity generation were chosen instead due to local regulations.

02
The EcoTerra 住宅

The EcoTerra 住宅建于2007年11月，是加拿大首個凈零能耗住宅。該住宅試圖結(jié)合節(jié)能建筑技術(shù)和可再生能源系統(tǒng)，以達到加拿大的能源效率指南。

The EcoTerra house was built in November 2007 and represented Canada’s first net zero-energy home. The house was an attempt to combine energy-efficient construction techniques and renewable energy systems to achieve Canada’s energy efficient guide.

EcoTerra住宅的集成光伏系統(tǒng)因為可以同時產(chǎn)生熱能和電能，所以與獨立光伏陣列或太陽能集熱器相比，有更大的優(yōu)勢。這種設(shè)計集成到了一個完整的屋頂?shù)慕ㄖ凸δ苤小?/p>

The EcoTerra house integrated photovoltaic systems have a great advantage compared to stand-alone PV arrays or solar thermal collectors because they generate both thermal and electrical energy simultaneously while being architecturally and functionally integrated into the design of the roof in one complete surface.

當空氣穿過屋頂拱底的入口進入PV板后面的空腔時， 通風器從PV中回收熱量。因此，當它從屋頂屋脊的管道被引入房子的下部時，它就被預(yù)熱了。

The heat is being recovered from the PV with a ventilator that forces fresh air to go through the inlets located in the roof soffits and to enter the cavity created behind the PV panels. While flowing in the cavity, the air takes back the heat from the PV. Thus, it is preheated when it is drawn into the lower portion of the house from the roof ridge ducted.

在EcoTerra住宅中，當BIPV/T出口處的空氣溫度大于15?C時，從PV中回收的熱量主要用于烘干衣服。如果BIPV/T出口處的空氣溫度不夠高，無法烘干衣服，則利用熱風通過室內(nèi)安裝的空氣-水熱交換器對水進行預(yù)熱。如果出口空氣溫度不足夠高做到以上情況, 熱空氣將會被送到地下室鋪的混凝土板，在白天儲存熱量在晚上釋放。

In the EcoTerra house, the air recovered from the PV is primarily used for drying clothes whenever the air temperature at the BIPV/T outlet is greater than 15 ?C. If the air temperature at the BIPV/T outlet is not high enough for clothes drying, the hot air is used for preheating water through an air-to-water heat exchanger installed in the house. In the case where the outlet air temperature is not sufficiently high to be applied for neither of the two applications mentioned above, the air is sent to the basement under-floor for thermal mass heating where the concrete slab will store the heat at the daytime and release it at night.

聯(lián)邦式建筑

Federal-style architecture

聯(lián)邦式建筑是在1780-1830年間（特別是1785-1815年間新建的美國古典建筑的名稱。它的發(fā)展很大程度上基于安德烈亞·帕拉第奧的作品，并對托馬斯·杰斐遜和他的同時代人的帕拉第奧建筑進行了一些創(chuàng)新。這種風格與其所處的時代同名。白宮就是其中最典型的例子。

Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing architecture built in the newly founded United States between c. 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815, which was heavily based on the works of Andrea Palladio with several innovations on Palladian architecture by Thomas Jefferson and his contemporaries first for Jefferson's Monticello estate and followed by many examples in government building throughout the United States. An excellent example of this is the White House. This style shares its name with its era, the Federalist Era.

代表性建筑：

01
白宮
The white house

白宮是美國總統(tǒng)的官方住所和工作場所。它位于華盛頓特區(qū)賓夕法尼亞大道西北1600號，自1800年約翰·亞當斯以來一直是歷屆美國總統(tǒng)的住所。“白宮”一詞經(jīng)常被用作總統(tǒng)和他們的顧問的轉(zhuǎn)喻。

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States. It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800. The term "White House" is often used as a metonym for the president and their advisers.

該住宅由愛爾蘭建筑師詹姆斯·霍本設(shè)計，采用新古典主義風格。霍本以都柏林的倫斯特大廈為模型設(shè)計了這座建筑，而今天的愛爾蘭立法機構(gòu)愛爾蘭的國家議會就坐落于此。建造于1792年至1800年間，使用了白色的砂巖。

The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style. Hoban modelled the building on Leinster House in Dublin, a building which today houses the Oireachtas, the Irish legislature. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using sandstone painted white.

學院派建筑
Beaux-Arts architecture

學院派建筑是（19世紀30年代到19世紀末）在巴黎美術(shù)學院教授的學術(shù)建筑風格。它借鑒了法國新古典主義的原則，融合了文藝復(fù)興和巴洛克元素，并使用了現(xiàn)代材料，如鐵和玻璃。直到19世紀末，它在法國都是一種重要的風格。

Beaux-Arts architecture was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated Renaissance and Baroque elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass. It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century.

代表性建筑：

01

皇家博物館

The Royal Museum for Central Africa

中非皇家博物館或RMCA，也被正式稱為非洲博物館，位于比利時弗拉芒布拉班特特沃倫，是一個民族志和自然歷史博物館。它的建造是為了在1897年的國際博覽會上展示利奧波德二世的剛果自由國。該博物館的重點是剛果。然而，研究范圍延伸到整個剛果河流域、中非、東非和西非，試圖將“非洲”整合為一個整體。它最初的目的是作為一個殖民博物館，從1960年開始，它更多地關(guān)注民族志和人類學。

The Royal Museum for Central Africa or RMCA, also officially known as the Africa Museum, is an ethnography and natural history museum situated in Tervuren in Flemish Brabant, Belgium. It was built to showcase King Leopold II's Congo Free State in the International Exposition of 1897. The museum focuses on the Congo. The sphere of interest, however, extends to the whole Congo River basin, Middle Africa, East Africa, and West Africa, attempting to integrate "Africa" as a whole. Intended originally as a colonial museum, from 1960 onwards it has focused more on ethnography and anthropology.

02
拉肯宮
The Palace of Laeken

拉肯宮是比利時國王和王室的官邸。它位于布魯塞爾地區(qū)，布魯塞爾市的市中心。它坐落在一個叫做拉肯皇家領(lǐng)地的大公園里，這是禁止對公眾開放的。它最初被命名為舍農(nóng)伯格城堡，通常被稱為皇家宮殿。

The Palace of Laeken is the official residence of the King of the Belgians and the royal family. It lies in the Brussels region, the city center in the municipality of the City of Brussels. It sits in a large park called the Royal Domain of Laeken, which is off-limits to the public. It was originally named the Castle of Schonenberg and is often referred to as the Royal Palace.

03
圣日內(nèi)維耶圖書館
Sainte-Geneviève Library

圣日內(nèi)維耶圖書館是一所公立大學圖書館，位于巴黎第五區(qū)先賢祠廣場對面的杜萬神殿10號。圖書館的前身是圣吉納維耶夫修道院，該修道院是在6世紀由法蘭克國王克洛維斯一世建立的。該圖書館的藏書在法國大革命期間免于毀滅。藏有約200萬份文件。其屋頂由創(chuàng)新的鐵框架支撐，目前是巴黎大學各分校的主要校際圖書館，也向公眾開放。

Sainte-Geneviève Library is a public and university library located at 10, place du Panthéon, across the square from the Panthéon, in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. It is based on the collection of the Abbey of St Genevieve, which was founded in the 6th century by Clovis I, the King of the Franks. The collection of the library was saved from destruction during the French Revolution. A new reading room for the library, with an innovative iron frame supporting the roof. The library contains around 2 million documents, and currently is the principal inter-university library for the different branches of University of Paris, and is also open to the public.

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