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R1 
光線的穿透決定了海洋生物的分布和生態(tài)平衡

1. 在大海中, 光線的穿透和分層對(duì)生物的分布和生存有著顯著影響。首先, 光線在水中的穿透能力與其波長(zhǎng)有關(guān)。長(zhǎng)波長(zhǎng)的光線如紅色和黃色, 在水的表層即被吸收, 導(dǎo)致在15米以下紅光和橙光基本消失。光線的衰減不僅受波長(zhǎng)影響, 還受到水中顆粒的反射作用。其中, 藍(lán)色光線穿透力最強(qiáng), 使得海水在視覺(jué)上呈現(xiàn)藍(lán)色。在純凈海水中, 光線可達(dá)到100米至200米深, 但只有大約10%的光能抵達(dá)50米以下。通常, 光線在深水中迅速衰減。

海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的不同層次體現(xiàn)了生物對(duì)光依賴的不同程度。在海洋的最上層, 許多生物呈現(xiàn)藍(lán)色, 這有助于反射紫外線, 保護(hù)身體。這一層不僅有能夠反射紫外線的生物, 還有能夠進(jìn)行光合作用的植物和動(dòng)物, 它們是海洋生物鏈的基礎(chǔ)。光合作用使這些生物能夠利用水和二氧化碳產(chǎn)生能量, 支持生長(zhǎng)和繁殖。當(dāng)它們死亡后, 成為其他動(dòng)物的食物, 從而將能量在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中傳遞。

而在水下40米左右, 絕大多數(shù)的光線已經(jīng)無(wú)法穿透, 光線進(jìn)一步下降至只有1%時(shí), 生物僅能維持基本生活需求, 難以支持繁殖和生長(zhǎng), 這通常發(fā)生在200米左右的深度。超過(guò)這一深度, 海洋進(jìn)入一個(gè)幾乎完全黑暗的環(huán)境, 光線無(wú)法到達(dá)。盡管如此, 在水下1000米至4000米的深海區(qū)域, 仍然存在著適應(yīng)黑暗環(huán)境的生物, 包括一些微生物和食腐動(dòng)物。這些生物依賴于從上層水域沉降下來(lái)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。

光線的變化不僅影響生物的分布和生存, 還可能導(dǎo)致水層溫度的變化, 進(jìn)而影響光的折射。總的來(lái)說(shuō), 海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)高度復(fù)雜且互相依賴的體系, 其中光的分布和衰減對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的生物種類、分布及其發(fā)展起著關(guān)鍵作用。

R2
氣候變化和資源短缺深刻影響了古代社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定與發(fā)展

在中東地區(qū)的歷史上，社會(huì)和技術(shù)發(fā)展受到了多個(gè)因素的影響，尤其是在從青銅時(shí)代向鐵器時(shí)代的過(guò)渡期間。埃及曾遭受一系列的入侵，這在一定程度上可以歸咎于它僅擁有青銅器而缺乏更先進(jìn)的鐵器，使得擁有鐵器的國(guó)家能夠輕易對(duì)其構(gòu)成威脅。此外，氣候變化也對(duì)這一時(shí)期的社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。持續(xù)的干旱和北半球溫度的上升導(dǎo)致了農(nóng)作物種植的大變化，進(jìn)而影響了當(dāng)?shù)匚拿鞯姆€(wěn)定性。連續(xù)的干旱導(dǎo)致糧食供應(yīng)減少，外族入侵和內(nèi)部食物供給問(wèn)題給中東地區(qū)的社會(huì)帶來(lái)了劇烈的影響。

不僅在中東，氣候變化對(duì)古代社會(huì)的影響也在其他地區(qū)顯現(xiàn)。例如，歐洲在過(guò)渡到鐵器時(shí)代時(shí)人口出現(xiàn)下降，盡管鐵器的出現(xiàn)是在人口下降之后，但氣候變化與歐洲北部人民命運(yùn)之間的聯(lián)系仍不明確。寒冷的氣候可能影響了從青銅時(shí)代到鐵器時(shí)代農(nóng)業(yè)耕種的轉(zhuǎn)變。

北美的考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，氣候波動(dòng)對(duì)古代社會(huì)造成了壓力，低人口密度和短貿(mào)易距離表明，氣候變化，如洪水，對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)禺a(chǎn)生了重大影響。由于當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)氣候的記錄非常有限，防洪措施可能不足，對(duì)農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)和食物供給造成了破壞。

值得注意的是，即使在面臨干旱和食物供給問(wèn)題時(shí)，中東國(guó)家利用鐵器的先進(jìn)性發(fā)動(dòng)了重大戰(zhàn)役并獲得勝利。然而，當(dāng)這些問(wèn)題變得嚴(yán)重時(shí)，即便是利用了鐵器的先進(jìn)技術(shù)，也未能阻止這些王國(guó)的快速崩塌。這表明，氣候變化和資源短缺能在根本上影響古代社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定與發(fā)展。

聽(tīng)力

C1
學(xué)生向老師咨詢選課時(shí)間沖突相關(guān)的問(wèn)題。

L1
年輕干旱期（Younger Dryas ）時(shí)候的地球生態(tài)環(huán)境

L2
蒙古帝國(guó)（Mongol Empire）的游牧生活和貿(mào)易

C2
學(xué)生與教授討論莎士比亞戲劇相關(guān)。

L3
有關(guān)某類海洋生物是否為瀕危物種的確定

L4
藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中“黃金比例”的重要性

口語(yǔ)

TASK 1 獨(dú)立口語(yǔ)題

Your university is organizing a series of guest lectures. Some people think that speakers with controversial opinions should not be invited to speak at the university. Others believe that the university should feature a variety of speakers, regardless of their opinions. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why, using details and examples in your response. （2023.5.6）

TASK 2 校園題

A professor proposes that the university should restrict access to the garden and only allow researchers. Because this can ensure the protection of the plants so botany department can conduct research. Plus, there are other parks near the town for student to enjoy the outdoors.

The speaker disagrees with the proposal, however. Because the students are unaware that the plants need to be protected in the garden. If the students are better informed of the rules, they will be careful and stop disturbing the plants and flowers.

Additionally, the parks are not that easy to get to, since it’s too far to walk there. Most students don’t own cars and there is no public transportation. It would be a shame to take away this beautiful spot they have.

TASK 3 學(xué)術(shù)講座題

Distinction Bias

When making decisions about what products to buy, people must often choose between very similar products that have only minor differences. When the options are presented simultaneously, so they can be viewed side by side, people end to exaggerate the distinction, or differences between hem. This is known as the distinction bias While the differences between the options would not be noticeable if each were evaluated separately, the fact that the options are presented together makes the differences between them seem greater. The distinction bias can lead people to make bad buying decisions, since they may place too much significance on what are actually small differences.

For example, the professor went to buy a TV. The salesperson introduced two models, which were placed next to each other. It appeared that one TV obviously had a brighter, clearer image, but it cost 100$ more than the other one. The professor went with the more expensive model. But, a few weeks later, the professor went to visit a friend and found out that he had the other model. He thought this model actually looked great. The image was just as clear as the TV that he just bought. So he began to reflect on why he would spend that much money when the cheaper option looked just as great.

TASK 4 學(xué)術(shù)講座題

Using the examples of bats and sloths from the lecture, explain two adaptations for hanging upside down.

There are two adaptations that help animals to hang upside down more comfortably without spending too much energy.

The first adaptations can help them hold on while they're hanging. Certain body features are adjusted to make it easy for these animals to hang upside down while saving energy.

For example, bats’ tendons of their back feet have a special adaptation that allow them to be locked onto a branch without effort. Even when they are sleeping, their feet stay wrapped around the branch.

The second adaptations is to make breathing easier. This is because when animals are in an reversed position, the gravity pulls the organs downward, pressing on lungs, which leads to labored breathing, since expanding the lungs takes more effort.

For example, sloths spend a lot of time hanging upside down. Their internal organs actually are connected to the chest, which means they are unlikely to press the lungs, allowing sloths to breath easily.

寫作

綜合寫作

閱讀部分：

Through human actions and loss of habitat, the number of wolves in the United States has dropped substantially over the past 200 years. In large parts of the American West, wolves completely disappeared. Recently environmental researchers have tried to try to restore the wolf population to its former state in some locations by importing wolves from areas where they are still plentiful. However, reintroducing wolves in national parks and rural areas carries several risks.

One problem is that wolves are highly effective predators, and their reintroduction upsets the balance of the local ecosystem. In Yellowstone National Park, for example,the elk population declined by more than 50 percent during the first fifteen years after wolves were introduced. (Elk are large plant-caters that influence the growth of many plants and provide food for predators other than wolves, such as bears.)

A second problem is that wolves present an economic threat in the areas where they are introduced. For example, there are quite a few livestock ranches that border nature reserves and state parks where wolves have been reintroduced. Wolves have been known to attack large livestock such as sheep. Thus, many ranchers fear that the reintroduction of wolves will result in serious economic losses for them.

A third problem is that wolves present a direct danger to humans. Wolf packs tend to do well in the environments in which they are introduced, so their population grows over time, and eventually they spread into new territory, places where they come into more frequent contact with people. This is especially true in national parks, where people gather to explore and appreciate nature. Introducing wolves to these areas creates a serious risk for the people who visit the areas or live in them.

聽(tīng)力部分：

Actually reintroducing wolves in some areas is a good idea. The concerns you read about in the passage are not very serious.

First, it's true that reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone park reduced the elk population. But it's not true that this harmed the ecosystem. On the contrary. You see, originally more than 100 years ago, both elk and wolves lived in the Yellowstone ecosystem. But when the wolves disappeared from Yellowstone, the elk population became unnaturally large. The elk started over grazing the vegetation in the park.endangering many plants that were important in that ecosystem. Bringing woods back to Yellowstone has actually restored the natural balance in the park. It stopped the overgrazing of vegetation by the Elks, and because of that, many important plants were able to recover.

The passage also claims that ranchers are afraid they will lose a lot of their sheep and other livestock to wolves. Well, wolves typically attack farm animals only if their natural wild food is too scarce, but wild animals that wolves prey on are plentiful in the areas where the wolves have been reintroduced. Even if some wolves do harm livestock, the rancher is paid for damages out of a government fund. So in practice, there is no real economic threat to farmers from the introduction of wolves.

Third, wolves posing a danger to humans. People tend to be afraid of wolves just like they're afraid of any large predator. What's probably contributing to the sphere is that since the reintroductions people who have been hearing wolves in areas where wolves haven't lived for many decades, wolves howling is very loud and can sound very frightening if you're not used to it. But the fear of wolves is not really based. On fact,there have been very few documented wolf attacks on humans in the United States.And none of them involved reintroduced wolves.

學(xué)術(shù)討論

This week, we'll look at how different people view friendships and relationships, focusing on the number of friends. People often debate whether it's better to maintain friendships with a small group of people or expand one's social circle. Some believe in developing deeper, closer relationships with a select few. On the other hand, others believe it's more important to increase the number of friends. Which view do you agree with? Why?

學(xué)生1: I believe that having many friends is better. Some people find having deep conversations diffcult because they are not comfortable sharing personal thoughts face to face. social media can help these people make friends more easily. With many friends, we can gain different perspectives and broaden our understanding.

學(xué)生2: For me, having a small group of close friends is better. These close friends, who know us deeply, are our go-to people when we seek help. They stand by us in challenging times, providing support and helping us overcome problems due to their understanding of our lives. This is the unique beneft of close friendships.

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