要獲得高分，僅僅依靠背誦單詞和句型是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，對(duì)于托福寫(xiě)作中有哪些常見(jiàn)且有效的論證方法呢？讓我們來(lái)了解一下。

因果關(guān)系

因果關(guān)系是我們?cè)?a title="托福寫(xiě)作中常見(jiàn)的有效論證方式有哪些呢？" href="http://023ww.cn/course/xiamen/1-12/">托福寫(xiě)作中最常使用到的一種論證手段，主要通過(guò)闡述支持或反對(duì)一種說(shuō)法的原因來(lái)論證觀點(diǎn)。所以同學(xué)們運(yùn)用方法時(shí)，一定要保證邏輯清晰，用好的話，這一點(diǎn)是能夠大大幫助我們的寫(xiě)作加分的！下面，克里斯會(huì)給同學(xué)們用具體實(shí)例講解一下，并給同學(xué)們附上常用的句型。

具體例子

題目：Do social media influencers have a major impact on consumers?  Why or why not?

范文：This is a challenging topic, but I think that social media influencers aren’t as significant as some people suggest. （給出觀點(diǎn)）

I strongly agree with Emily’s idea that people are too smart to be influenced by them. I’d add that twenty years ago a charismatic person might have convinced us to buy something we didn’t really need, but I think that doesn’t happen so much nowadays. That’s because we can thoroughly research whatever we are interested in using blogs, consumer magazines and social media.（原因1） We can use these sources of information to find products that exactly suit our needs, so we aren’t swayed by the exaggerated claims of social media influencers. 

While Jack raised the relevant point that young people are especially vulnerable, he didn’t mention that parents these days take the time to educate their kids and monitor their internet use.（原因2）As a result, young people aren’t likely to make rash decisions about what to buy.（導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果）

這一段中，注意第二句That‘s because開(kāi)始的那一段，就是非常典型的因果論證法。在開(kāi)頭，首先表明現(xiàn)在人們太聰明以至于不會(huì)被social media影響，然后開(kāi)始論證，人們可以從各種自己感興趣的blogs、magazines和social media上找到需要的信息。在第二部分論證中，又說(shuō)到討論區(qū)另一個(gè)學(xué)生Jack的觀點(diǎn)。作者反對(duì)Jack的觀點(diǎn)，并且闡述現(xiàn)在家長(zhǎng)會(huì)花費(fèi)時(shí)間去教育孩子并且監(jiān)管他們的網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用。這樣的論證符合自然邏輯，因此也成為了一次非常合理完美的論證，簡(jiǎn)單明了，富有說(shuō)服力。

常用句型

● First(ly)...Second(ly)...Third(ly)..
● To begin with...
● First of all...
● The first and the most important reason is that...
● On the one hand...On the other hand...
● Another equally important aspect is...
● Besides, other reasons are...
● For one thing...For another...
● Last but not least,...
● because / since / as / due to / owing to
● because of / thanks to / as a result of
● therefore / hence / thus / as a result / consequently
● the reason why...is that...
● the main factor toward this is that...
● It is related to / associated with the phenomenon that...

舉例論證 

同學(xué)們對(duì)于舉例論證這一方式應(yīng)該并不陌生，它是一種非常具有邏輯性和說(shuō)服力的表達(dá)方式。該方法的核心思想是通過(guò)具體的例子來(lái)支持和論證觀點(diǎn)，使得觀點(diǎn)更加具體和生動(dòng)。

然而，運(yùn)用舉例論證需要對(duì)素材有一定要求。與口語(yǔ)考試中可以使用個(gè)人經(jīng)歷不同，托福寫(xiě)作這里更傾向于選擇一些更廣泛認(rèn)可的例子，如名人事跡、熱點(diǎn)新聞等，以提高論證的可信度和說(shuō)服力。這就要求同學(xué)們?cè)谒夭姆e累上要有所取舍，注意選擇那些更為客觀、公認(rèn)的案例來(lái)支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。

為了更好地理解這一方法，我們可以舉一個(gè)例子。假設(shè)我們要論證“努力能夠取得成功”，我們可以選擇引用一位成功人士的事跡，比如說(shuō)，通過(guò)引用喬布斯創(chuàng)辦蘋(píng)果公司的經(jīng)歷，說(shuō)明他通過(guò)持之以恒的努力最終取得了非凡的成功。這樣的例子更容易引起共鳴，使得觀點(diǎn)更為有力。

常用句型

● For example/instance
● ...such as A, B, C and so on...
● A good case in point is that...
● To consider the case / one's experience as an example
● Take... as an example

讓步論證

讓步這種論證方式的核心思想在于首先承認(rèn)一個(gè)事實(shí)的可行性或可能性，然后迅速轉(zhuǎn)折，提出自己的觀點(diǎn)以否定前者。

假設(shè)我們討論某個(gè)社會(huì)問(wèn)題，比如教育系統(tǒng)的改革。我們可以先承認(rèn)當(dāng)前教育系統(tǒng)存在一些問(wèn)題，例如學(xué)科內(nèi)容的單一性，但隨后我們會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)折觀點(diǎn)，提出自己對(duì)于引入跨學(xué)科教育的支持。

這樣的寫(xiě)作手法不僅使論述更加有說(shuō)服力，而且為讀者提供了清晰的方向，讓他們更好地理解如何展開(kāi)自己的寫(xiě)作。

具體例子

題目：If you had to choose between prioritizing economic growth or protecting the environment, which one would you choose.  Why?

范文： Maggie raised the relevant point that it’s possible that profitable companies will someday solve all of our problems using new technology, but she doesn’t mention that they might arrive far too late to be of use.  For example, it could take decades for an innovative company to create a clean energy source, but people are suffering from environmental catastrophes right now.

可以看到，讓步論證法實(shí)際上非常適合在文章中承上啟下，能夠增強(qiáng)整體結(jié)構(gòu)的連貫性。在上面的范文，首先作者肯定了maggie的觀點(diǎn)，但是在后面否定了觀點(diǎn)的實(shí)效性。

通過(guò)這個(gè)例子，我們能夠更清晰地看到讓步論證法的邏輯，即在初步肯定某一立場(chǎng)后，通過(guò)理性的思考和合理的反駁，突顯該立場(chǎng)的局限性。這種論證方法不僅使文章更具說(shuō)服力，而且符合托?？脊倨谕吹降倪壿媷?yán)密、表達(dá)得當(dāng)?shù)奶攸c(diǎn)。在練習(xí)寫(xiě)作時(shí)，除了關(guān)注語(yǔ)言表達(dá)，同學(xué)們還應(yīng)當(dāng)注重論證的內(nèi)在邏輯，確保自己的觀點(diǎn)清晰、有條理，以取得更好的寫(xiě)作效果。

常用句型

● in spite of...
● despite this...
● however / nonetheless / nevertheless
● in spite of the fact that...
● Although / though ...

假設(shè)論證

這一種論證方式相當(dāng)普遍，通常是通過(guò)設(shè)想某種情境的發(fā)生來(lái)支持或反駁我們所提出的觀點(diǎn)。

但是，這種方法的使用對(duì)我們的寫(xiě)作邏輯思維提出了一定的挑戰(zhàn)，要求能夠保持清晰的論證邏輯，而不是毫無(wú)邏輯地隨意作出假設(shè)。以下是一個(gè)例子，以更具體地說(shuō)明這種論證方法的應(yīng)用：

具體例子

題目：If you had to choose between prioritizing economic growth or protecting the environment, which one would you choose.  Why?

范文：While I appreciate the points mentioned by both Maggie and Alex, I think that we should mainly focus on economic growth.  

This is because our lives will become unpleasant if the economy slows down.  We all have bills to pay and those require us to earn an income. Remember that many people have families to take care of, so they need to earn a regular income. That is only possible if the economy continues to grow at the same rate year after year. 

Some people may feel that preserving the environment is more important than maintaining our current standard of living, but I tend to disagree. My main focus is on the quality of life that people enjoy at this exact moment, not the lives that future generations will lead.

在此處，范文用了假設(shè)經(jīng)濟(jì)下行人們的生活會(huì)變的不好，通過(guò)假設(shè)這種情況，推理出這種情況帶來(lái)的影響，這也是體現(xiàn)我們寫(xiě)作邏輯性的一方面。同學(xué)們要記住，我們做假設(shè)的時(shí)候，一定也是要有邏輯的，不能做出的假設(shè)完全不合理，這樣的話我們的寫(xiě)作也是無(wú)法自圓其說(shuō)的哦。要給出合理的假設(shè)與分析才能進(jìn)一步夯實(shí)我們的論證。

常用句型

● If + xxx will/would
● People would rather...than...
● Suppose / Supposing...
● I presume / assume / suppose...
● xxx postulate...

看完了這篇文章，同學(xué)們是不是會(huì)覺(jué)得突然思路打開(kāi)了、寫(xiě)托福作文沒(méi)有那么難了呢？這樣就對(duì)啦！因?yàn)橥懈Ｗ魑恼娴臎](méi)有你想象的那么難寫(xiě)，把這些方法靈活運(yùn)用起來(lái)，相信同學(xué)們和雅思分手也會(huì)是輕輕松松的事情啦。

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